He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. Please check your email to confirm your subscription. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. After winning the throne of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist king Edward IV. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. enry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. Happy St Davids Day! [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. This definitely was not that. Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. All the information is from Thomas Penn. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. Henry VII ruled - as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do - through fear rather than love. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. Henry VIII was the first English king to be called "Your Majesty.". Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. [citation needed], However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. Life at court was merry under Henry 8th, a fresh new beginning likened to springtime. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Wolf Hall this is not. [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Henry VIII and the Break with Rome Timeline - History Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. [2] His father died three months before his birth. By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. I've never read much on the reign of Henry VII - mostly because to really get to grips with his policies, you first have to get to grips with his exhaustively complicated financial policies - but Penn provides a wonderful accessibility through his writing, which provides valuable context to the man who founded England's most famous dynasty. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. The Great Debasement - Wikipedia The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. [5], The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. He was the only child of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Blair Worden's The English Civil Wars is published by Phoenix. Why is Henry VIII's Tomb So Small When His Life Was So Very Opulent? Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. [12], Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. His spies and informers were everywhere. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . In 1485, history was about to be changed for ever by a man who was a refugee, a fugitive whod spent half his life on the run and with barely a claim to the throne: Henry Tudor. His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. 1517. [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. Updates? [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. Henry VIII - Loss of popularity | Britannica - Encyclopedia Britannica MP3 CD. When Henry VIII and Francis I Spent $19 Million on the Field of Cloth Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. [citation needed] [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? - AnswersAll Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. I have to admit to being a history geek. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". 7.1 59min 2013 16+. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. He had enough of that getting himself to the throne. Watch Henry VII: The Winter King | Prime Video - amazon.com Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. Watch with Prime Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. Unfortunately, since all I really wanted to know about was learning about Henry the 7th and his family as people - the things that happened to them, what kind of people they were, etc. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. [18] He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. Henry was devastated. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have. This is why he named the book the Winter King. To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. 1845. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. This book was way too focused on what happened, but not so much on the why or why it was important. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Possession of something the French King wanted also made the Duke of Brittany safer in his own duchy. Detailed Information. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Through luck, guile, and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, emerged as rulerbut as a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne, he remained a usurper and false king to many, and his hold on power was precarious. Both were survivors and as united in death as in life, as their tomb in Westminster Abbey illustrates. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. Up to a point, he succeeded. Henry was the only child of Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond , and Margaret Beaufort . How did a precariously enthroned ruler, lacking a police force or a standing army, manage to run roughshod over the law? [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. Bacon wanted the future Charles I to learn from Henry's reign, but the financial methods that would provoke fatal opposition to Charles look pale beside the exactions levied by Henry from often innocent subjects, who were denied legal process or threatened with trumped-up prosecutions and had to buy their freedom (though at moments of apparently impending death the king would repent of his methods and have the jails cleared and pardons issued). The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. Musings on History - Henry VII - Learn for Pleasure Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . this was well-written and i love henry vii for how he managed to a) get the throne of england and b) keep it and make the crown so solvent after the devastating years of the Wars of the Roses, but i can't help but think that a lot of this was rather dry. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . Old rivalries simmered, however. Anyone perceived to have any potential political power or social capital was rendered deeply indebted to the crown and at risk of complete financial ruin upon the whim of the king and his councillors. Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury suo jure. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. I don't read a lot of NF because I usually find it to be tedious, but The Winter King certainly wasn't that. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Raised in France, admiring of Italian-trained lawyers (and reaping the reward of the return of a whole generation of educated English commoners who sat out the War of the Roses abroad), with good taste in Renaissance art and advised by his gracious wife and steely mother, Henry VII is a major figure, not a prequel. Penn is not one to understate a case. Henry the older was lean and shriveled, rigid with prudence, empty of any hunger other than a desire to secure his throne through the acquisition of cash. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . [53] Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt.
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